Natural disasters are causing widespread destruction across the United States, from winter storms and wildfires to hurricanes and floods. According to billion-dollar weather disaster data tracked by the National Weather Service, some of the costliest natural disasters in U.S. history have struck in recent years, exposing homes, vehicles, and infrastructure to growing risk. These climate disasters are a reminder that disaster preparedness matters before the next major storm hits.

If there’s one thing natural disasters have in common, it’s that they rarely check your schedule first.

Floods don't wait until payday, hurricanes don't care if your gas tank is half full, and dead batteries always seem to happen at the worst possible time. Murphy’s Law may not be an official emergency management doctrine, but it has a funny way of showing up during major weather events.

And the numbers make the point clear. The U.S. has experienced approximately 403 billion-dollar weather disasters since 1980, causing more than $2.9 trillion in damage, with recent years seeing some of the highest disaster counts on record.

From wildfires and winter storms to floods and hurricanes, these events are no longer rare disruptions... They are recurring household risks. Which is precisely why preparedness is not about panic, it's about practicality.

Knowing what tools to keep on hand, whether it is backup power, emergency repair supplies, protected document storage, or other gear to help keep your vehicle ready, can make the difference between managing a bad situation and making it worse.

Before the next storm tests your luck, it helps to have a plan and the right equipment in your corner.

Key North American Natural Disaster Statistics & The Worst Disasters In US History

Here are some of the most important natural disaster statistics and preparedness facts highlighted in this article:

• The U.S. has experienced approximately 403 billion-dollar weather disasters since 1980, causing more than $2.9 trillion in damage.

• The annual average of billion-dollar disasters has risen from roughly 9 per year historically to 23 per year over the past five years.

• The average time between major disasters has fallen from 82 days in the 1980s to just 19 days in recent years.

• Nearly 190 billion-dollar disasters have occurred since 2015 alone, representing almost half the long-term total.

• Severe storms account for 203 of those disasters, making them the most frequent billion-dollar disaster category in the U.S.

• The U.S. averages roughly 1,200 tornadoes per year.

• Flooding causes an estimated 90 to 100 deaths annually in the U.S., while just one inch of floodwater can cause up to $25,000 in damage.

• More than 41 million Americans live in areas at risk of flooding.

• 64,897 wildfires burned 8.9 million acres in 2024, while more than 44 million U.S. homes face some level of wildfire risk.

• The 2025 Los Angeles wildfires destroyed 16,000+ structures, while the Smokehouse Creek Fire in Texas burned more than 1 million acres.

• Between 2023 and 2025, Canadian wildfires burned 32.7 million hectares, while wildfire smoke exposed an estimated 354 million people across North America and Europe.

• 67 tropical cyclones have caused at least $1 billion in damage since 1980, while roughly 90% of hurricane fatalities are water-related.

• Hurricane Helene contributed to 7.4 million customer outages, showing how hurricanes often trigger major power emergencies.

• NOAA National Centers has recorded 24 billion-dollar winter storm disasters, while Winter Storm Uri caused more than $100 billion in losses.

• In 2023, the U.S. recorded more than 2,300 heat-related deaths, while extreme heat remains the nation’s deadliest weather hazard.

• Canadian insured losses from severe weather reached a record $8.5 billion in 2024, with floods projected to become Canada’s costliest disaster risk through 2034.

👉 Preparedness insight: The numbers point to one clear takeaway: natural disasters are becoming more frequent, more expensive, and often more disruptive than people expect, which is why having emergency preparedness supplies, a disaster preparedness kit, and the right tools on hand matters.

Billion-Dollar Disasters Are Increasing & Costs Are Surging

In total, the Americans have experienced a total of 403 billion-dollar disasters since 1980. That total includes multiple categories, such as:

• 203 Severe Storms (hail, tornadoes, damaging winds)

• 67 Tropical Cyclones (hurricanes)

• 45 Floods

• 22 Droughts

• 19 Wildfires

• 11 Winter Storms

• 36 Freeze events

The pace of major U.S. weather disasters has also accelerated sharply. From 1980 to 2024, the annual average was about 9 billion-dollar disasters per year, but over the past five years that average jumped to 23 per year.

Put differently, the country is experiencing major weather disasters at more than twice the long-term pace.

The average time between billion-dollar disasters has also fallen from 82 days in the 1980s to just 19 days over the past decade, meaning major weather disasters are hitting far more frequently than they once did.

Disaster Costs Have Accelerated Since 2000

Much of the growth in billion-dollar disasters has occurred since 2000, as severe storms, floods, hurricanes, droughts, and wildfires have become more frequent and more costly.

In fact, the U.S. has recorded 190 billion-dollar disasters since 2015 alone, a striking share of the long-term total in a short amount of time.

For homeowners, increasing storm frequency often translates into higher insurance costs, more infrastructure disruptions, and greater exposure to unexpected repair bills.

Severe Storms Are Now Constant Financial Threats

While hurricanes tend to dominate headlines, severe storms are actually among the most frequent billion-dollar disasters in the United States. Hail, wind damage, flash flooding, and tornado outbreaks can cause extensive damage to homes, vehicles, and power systems, even when they do not become nationally famous events.

For many families, the “small” disasters are the ones most likely to hit close to home. They lead to unexpected repairs, DIY home renovations, and other extra costs that can be just as disastrous to families as the storm damage.

Why “100-Year Events” Happen More Often Than Expected

The term “100-year storm” is often misunderstood. It does not mean a storm happens only once every 100 years. It means there is a 1% chance of a storm of that size occurring in any given year. And because that risk resets every year, communities can experience multiple “100-year” floods, wild fires, or snowstorms within a single decade.

The math makes this easier to understand. Accordingly to our research, a property in a 100-year flood zone has roughly a 26% chance of flooding over a 30-year mortgage, which means the risk is far higher than many homeowners realize.

And in some areas, heavy rainfall events are becoming more common. According to federal climate data, the heaviest 1% of rainstorms have increased significantly in many parts of the United States over time, helping explain why “rare” flood events may not feel so rare anymore.

The takeaway is that so-called once-in-a-century events can (and likely will) happen more than once in your lifetime, which is where practical emergency preparedness matters.

Owning a generator and having an emergency kit on hand, stocked with a backup jump starter, emergency repair supplies, or protected storage for critical documents, may seem boring until the day you need them.

Flood Statistics in the U.S. & North America

Flooding is widely considered the most common natural disaster in the United States.

From flash floods and overflowing rivers to coastal storm surge caused by major storms like Hurricane Katrina or Hurricane Ian, water damage affects millions of people and causes billions in losses year after year. And unlike some disasters that are concentrated in certain regions, flooding can happen almost anywhere.

Here's are a look at some of the most important flood-related statistics we've found.

Flash Floods Can Turn Dangerous Fast

Flash floods are among the fastest-moving and most unpredictable flood events. They can develop in minutes after intense rainfall, especially in urban areas, mountain regions like in the Northeastern United States, and anywhere else where there is dry ground that cannot absorb water quickly.

According to NOAA and National Weather Service data, flooding causes an average of roughly 90 to 100 deaths per year in the United States, making it the second-leading weather-related killer behind extreme heat.

More than half of flood-related deaths occur when vehicles are driven into floodwaters, which helps explain why flash floods can turn deadly so quickly.

River Flooding Remains a Major Risk

River flooding can be slower to develop than flash floods, but it can be just as destructive. In the United States, more than 41 million people live in areas at risk of flooding from rivers, heavy rainfall, or storm surge, according to FEMA.

Not surprisingly, river flooding is also expensive.

Inland flooding along the Mississippi River alone has produced multi-billion-dollar losses during major flood years, with the 1993 Mississippi River flood causing an estimated $32 billion in total damages.

Coastal Flooding and Storm Surge Can Be Catastrophic

Coastal flooding often becomes most dangerous during hurricanes and tropical storms, when storm surge pushes seawater inland. In fact, NOAA says roughly 90% of U.S. hurricane fatalities are caused by water, including storm surge and inland flooding, not wind.

Even just 6 inches of moving water can knock an adult off their feet, while 12 inches can carry away most vehicles? This illustrates how even relatively shallow floodwaters from storm surge can become dangerous.

What's even scarier is that more than 8 million U.S. homes are estimated to face substantial coastal flood risk, which underscores how many homeowners are exposed to the very real risk of unexpected natural disasters.

Urban Flooding Is Growing in Importance

Finally, flood risk is not limited to coasts or rivers. Urban flooding has become a growing concern as heavy rainfall overwhelms drainage systems, storm sewers, and roads. In cities, flooding often starts in the places homeowners least want it, including basements, garages, and lower levels.

And it doesn't take much water to cause real damages either. FEMA warns that just one inch of floodwater can cause up to $25,000 in damage, a statistic that illustrates how quickly minor flooding can become a major financial problem.

Flood Losses Frequently Reach Billions Per Year in North America

In the U.S. often total billions of dollars annually, and some of the costliest disasters in both the U.S. and Canada have involved water.

In Canada, for example, the 2024 Quebec flooding event caused roughly $2.5 billion in insured losses, while urban flooding in Toronto generated nearly $900 million in insured damage.

Those numbers reinforce a practical point: water damage is not a rare risk. It is a recurring one, especially as the prevalence of major weather-related events continues to increase over the years due to climate change and man-made pollution.

👉 Preparedness insight: Flood readiness is often less about stopping water entirely and more about limiting damage when it gets in. That is where having the right tools matters. FIRESHIELD PRO can help protect critical documents, while TITANPATCH PRO is ideal to have on hand to repair leaks, storm damage, or to complete other temporary emergency repairs after flooding.

U.S. & North American Wildfire Statistics

Wildfires have become one of the most destructive natural disasters in North America, affecting daily life, damaging communities, and causing catastrophic damage across many regions.

In the United States alone, 64,897 wildfires burned roughly 8.9 million acres in 2024, or an area larger than the state of Maryland. That works out to an average of roughly 178 wildfires per day.

These numbers reinforce a major shift where wildfire is no longer a seasonal concern in a few remote regions. It's an ongoing concern at all times of the year.

California Continues to Face Major Wildfire Risk

California remains central to U.S. wildfire risk, in part because of drought, high winds, dry fuels, and development patterns.

More than 2 million California homes are estimated to face severe to extreme wildfire risk, particularly in wildland-urban interface zones where homes meet fire-prone vegetation. These areas have become a growing concern because they put both structures and residents in the path of fire.

Just like floods, wildfires can also be extraordinarily expensive. The 2018 Camp Fire, for example, fire caused an estimated $16.5 billion in damages, making it one of the costliest wildfire disasters in U.S. history.

During the January 2025 Los Angeles wildfires, the Palisades and Eaton fires destroyed more than 16,000 structures, forced mass evacuations, and caused an estimated $25 billion to $39 billion in insured losses, with broader economic losses potentially reaching $250 billion or more when business disruption and long-term impacts are included.

These figures help explain why wildfire is increasingly viewed not only as an environmental threat, but as a major financial risk as well.

Texas and the Pacific Northwest Face Rising Fire Threats

While California has seen some of the most disastrous fires in recent years, the risk is not limited to the state. Texas has also seen many major fire events driven by drought, wind, and extreme heat, while the Pacific Northwest has faced increasingly destructive seasons of its own.

Texas has seen wildfire disasters that rival California in both scale and economic damage. The 2024 Smokehouse Creek Fire, now recognized as the largest wildfire in Texas history, burned more than 1 million acres, killed three people, destroyed hundreds of structures, and caused more than $1 billion in damages, while also killing an estimated 15,000 head of cattle and severely impacting ranching communities.

Canadian Wildfires & Smoke

Meanwhile in Canada, between 2023 and 2025, Canadian wildfires burned roughly 32.7 million hectares, or more than 80 million acres, an area larger than Italy, underscoring how wildfire has become a recurring North American disaster rather than a one-off emergency.

Even when homes are not destroyed, fires often trigger widespread disruption through smoke, power outages, road closures, and evacuations. During Canada’s record 2023 wildfire season, research estimates 354 million people across North America and Europe were exposed to wildfire smoke pollution from those fires.

That's an important reminder that wildfire risk is not just about direct fire damage. It can also mean hazardous air, disrupted daily life, and impacts that spread well beyond the fire line. In many cases, those secondary impacts affect far more people than the fire perimeter itself.

Homes Near Fire-Prone Areas Face Elevated Risk

When you add it all up, the risk of wildfire exposure is enormous. More than 44 million U.S. homes are estimated to face some level of wildfire risk. And according to research from the U.S. Forest Service, the wildland-urban interface, where homes and fire-prone landscapes overlap, now covers roughly one-third of all U.S. housing.

That helps explain why wildfire preparedness increasingly includes more than defensible space or evacuation routes. It also means thinking through what tools and supplies you would need if you had to leave quickly.

North American & US Hurricane Statistics and Power Outage Risk

Hurricanes remain among the costliest natural disasters in North America, but their destruction often extends well beyond wind damage alone.

In the United States, 67 tropical cyclones have caused at least $1 billion in damage since 1980, according to NOAA, making hurricanes one of the most financially destructive disaster categories on record. But the damage is not just measured in insurance losses. It is measured in flooded communities, damaged infrastructure, power outages, and long recovery periods.

Hurricanes Cause More Water Damage Than Many Realize

One of the biggest misconceptions about hurricanes is that wind causes most deaths.

In reality, roughly 90% of U.S. hurricane fatalities are caused by water, including storm surge and inland flooding. Heavy rain, landfall flooding, and coastal surge often create the most dangerous conditions, particularly when communities are struck by multiple hazards at once.

Power Outages Are One of the Most Common Hurricane Emergencies

Hurricanes frequently aren't just deadly... They also leave millions without electricity.

During Hurricane Ian, roughly 2.7 million customers lost power in Florida. During Hurricane Helene, reports attributed more than 7.4 million customer outages across affected states. Those numbers help illustrate how power outages are not a side effect of hurricanes... They are often one of the central emergencies they create.

After all when the grid goes down, it's not just about not being able to turn the lights on... other issues start to show up quickly:

• Dead vehicle batteries

• Fuel disruptions

• Spoiled food

• Communication failures

• Disabled garage doors

• Limited emergency response access

👉 Preparedness insight: These hurrican statistics illustrate just how important it is to be prepared. Homeowners should take proactive steps to protect their vehicles, their homes, and build emergency kits that include tools like jump starters, emergency repair tape, and other potentially life-saving accessories.

Major Hurricanes Continue to Produce Massive Losses

Recent hurricane events show how large these disasters can become. Hurricane Katrina alone caused roughly $200 billion in damages when adjusted to current dollars, while Hurricane Ian caused an estimated $112 billion, making both among the costliest weather disasters in U.S. history.

Even outside the most extreme events, hurricane losses often reach tens of billions.

That helps explain why coastal preparedness, flood planning, and emergency response continue to be major priorities across the Gulf Coast, Florida, and Atlantic communities.

Vehicle Readiness Matters During Hurricane Emergencies

When evacuation orders are issued, your vehicle can become critical infrastructure. A dead battery, weak electrical system, or preventable vehicle problem can quickly turn into serious roadside risks when roads are congested or fuel access is limited.

This is where JUMPFORCE PRO fits naturally into hurricane preparedness. Backup starting power can help support vehicle readiness during outages, evacuations, or storm recovery when getting moving matters most.

And because hurricanes often create secondary damage after landfall, temporary repair tools can matter too. For storm damage or emergency leak control, TITANPATCH PRO can help provide a practical stopgap until permanent repairs can be made.

Hurricanes Are Not Just Coastal Events

Another important reality is that hurricane impacts often spread far inland. Rainfall flooding, tornadoes, downed trees, and prolonged outages can affect communities hundreds of miles from the coast.

In fact, Hurricane Helene caused major impacts across multiple states and contributed to roughly 7.4 million customer power outages, illustrating how hurricane disruptions often reach well beyond landfall zones.

And the risk can extend far beyond the storm damage and power outages. Research suggests more than 41 million Americans live in areas at risk of flooding, which again, illustrates the importance of protecting importance documents from flood and fire.

Tornado and Severe Storm Statistics

Since 1980, NOAA has recorded 203 severe storm events causing at least $1 billion in damage, compared with 67 tropical cyclones, meaning severe storms account for more than half of all 403 billion-dollar U.S. disasters.

This is a stark reminder that many costly disasters are not famous hurricanes, but “ordinary” storms involving hail, tornadoes, flash flooding, and damaging winds.

On another note, the United States averages roughly 1,200 tornadoes per year, while hail and damaging winds cause billions in losses annually. Even thunderstorm systems without tornadoes can become major disasters.

The 2020 Midwest derecho, for example, produced wind speeds up to 140 mph and caused an estimated $11 billion in losses. And in 2024, 17 of the nation’s 27 billion-dollar disasters were severe storms, meaning nearly 63% of that year’s major disasters came from storms that often receive far less attention than major hurricanes or wildfires.

👉 Preparedness insight: Because hail, wind, flooding, and tornadoes can cause punctures, leaks, and structural damage, practical repair tools can matter after the storm passes. TITANPATCH PRO can help support temporary emergency repairs for roofs, siding, RVs, or storm-related leaks until permanent repairs can be made.

Winter Storm and Ice Storm Statistics

Winter storms may not get the same attention as hurricanes or wildfires, but they can be just as disruptive and expensive.

Since 1980, NOAA has recorded 24 billion-dollar winter storm disasters in the United States, while recent years have shown these events can trigger widespread outages, infrastructure damage, and emergencies far beyond heavy snow alone.

In 2024, two of the nation’s 27 billion-dollar disasters were winter storms, reinforcing that cold-weather disasters remain a recurring risk.

Extreme cold often creates cascading problems. Winter Storm Uri in 2021 caused millions of power outages in Texas and contributed to estimated losses exceeding $100 billion, making it one of the costliest winter weather disasters in U.S. history.

Unlike other weather-related disasters, ice storms can be particularly damaging because even modest ice accumulation can bring down trees and power lines, while frozen pipes and prolonged outages can cause major property losses.

North America & US Extreme Heat Statistics and Tire Damage

Extreme heat is often underestimated because it does not arrive with the drama of a hurricane or tornado, yet it is one of the deadliest forms of weather in the United States.

According to federal data, extreme heat kills more Americans in an average year than any other weather hazard, and heat-related deaths have risen sharply in recent years. In 2023, the U.S. recorded more than 2,300 heat-related deaths, one of the highest totals on record.

Heatwaves also strain power grids, damage infrastructure, and increase wildfire risk, making them a broader disaster preparedness concern.

Extreme heat also takes a toll on vehicles and equipment. Prolonged sun and UV exposure can accelerate rubber cracking, tire dry rot, and sidewall deterioration, especially for vehicles, trailers, and RVs stored outdoors.

In other words, the same sun that damages your skin can also degrade rubber, plastics, and other outdoor-exposed components.

👉 Preparedness insight: Heat preparedness is not just about staying cool. It is also about protecting what may need to get you out in an emergency, which is where proper vehicle storage matters. TIRESHIELD PRO protects tires from prolonged UV and weather exposure and can reduce deterioration over time

Canada’s Billion-Dollar Weather Problems

While this article focuses primarily on U.S. disasters, Canadian data shows these risks are North American, not just American.

In 2024, insured losses from severe weather in Canada hit a record $8.5 billion, making it the costliest year for weather-related insured damage in Canadian history. Flooding is a major driver of those losses, and federal projections suggest floods could become Canada’s costliest disaster risk through 2034, with annual disaster assistance costs expected to rise sharply.

Together, those numbers reinforce a broader point: whether the threat is hurricanes, floods, wildfires, or extreme weather, disaster risk is not confined by borders, and preparedness is increasingly a North American concern.

Natural Disaster Preparedness Checklist for Homeowners and Drivers

Disaster preparedness does not have to start with a bunker mentality. Often it starts with a simple checklist.

Basic readiness can include keeping emergency water and food on hand, protecting important documents, maintaining backup power for vehicles and devices, storing temporary repair supplies, checking tires and batteries, and having a plan for evacuation or power outages.

The goal is not to prepare for every possible emergency, but to reduce the number of things that can go wrong when one occurs.

👉 Preparedness tip: The best time to build an emergency kit is before you need one. To make getting started easier, we put together a practical Disaster Preparedness Checklist you can download and use to review your home, vehicle, and emergency supplies. Download the checklist HERE!

How Tool Troopers Can Help You Prepare

When it comes to severe weather, we can't overstate the importance of preparing ahead of time, before the forecast turns. Being prepared truly can turn serious, even life-threatening situations into manageable temporary events.

Practical readiness often comes down to having a few key tools in place before something goes wrong. Which is where Tool Troopers products fit into a practical disaster kit.

• JUMPFORCE PRO can support emergency vehicle readiness during outages, cold weather, or evacuation scenarios.

• TIRESHIELD PRO can help protect tires from sun, heat, and long-term weather exposure, particularly for vehicles, trailers, and RVs stored outdoors.

• FIRESHIELD PRO can help protect important records like passports, titles, insurance policies, and emergency documents from fire or water damage.

• TITANPATCH PRO can support temporary repairs after storms, leaks, or other weather-related damage.

None of these tools can stop a disaster from happening. But they may help reduce the number of things that can go wrong when one does.

Because in many emergencies, preparedness is not about having everything. It is about having the right things, when it matters most!

Frequently Asked Questions - North American Climate Disasters & Disaster Management

What is the most common natural disaster in the United States?

Flooding is widely considered the most common natural disaster in the United States. It can take many forms, including flash floods, river flooding, coastal flooding, and urban flooding, and it causes billions in damage each year.

Are natural disasters becoming more frequent?

Major weather disasters appear to be occurring more often. The annual average of U.S. billion-dollar disasters has risen from roughly 9 per year historically to about 23 per year in recent years, while the average time between major disasters has fallen from 82 days to just 19 days.

How many billion-dollar disasters has the U.S. had?

According to NOAA, the United States has experienced approximately 403 billion-dollar weather disasters since 1980, causing more than $2.9 trillion in losses.

What is a 100-year storm?

A “100-year storm” does not mean it happens once every 100 years. It means there is a 1% chance of a storm of that size occurring in any given year. Because that risk resets every year, multiple “100-year” events can happen within a single lifetime.

How much damage can one inch of floodwater cause?

FEMA says just one inch of floodwater can cause up to $25,000 in damage, which shows how quickly even minor flooding can become expensive.

What causes most hurricane deaths?

Most hurricane deaths are caused by water, not wind. Storm surge and inland flooding account for the majority of fatalities associated with hurricanes.

How many tornadoes happen in the U.S. each year?

The United States averages roughly 1,200 tornadoes annually, more than any other country.

Are severe storms more common than hurricanes?

Yes. Severe storms are the most frequent billion-dollar disaster category in the U.S. NOAA has recorded 203 severe storm disasters, compared with 67 tropical cyclones, since 1980.

Are wildfires only a risk near forests?

No. Wildfires increasingly affect wildland-urban interface communities where homes meet fire-prone landscapes, and smoke, evacuations, and outages can impact people far beyond the fire zone.

What should be in a disaster preparedness kit?

A basic disaster preparedness kit should include water, food, first aid supplies, flashlights, batteries, emergency documents, temporary repair supplies, and vehicle emergency gear such as a jump starter.

How can I prepare my vehicle for natural disasters?

Check your battery, keep fuel levels up, inspect tires regularly, store emergency supplies in your vehicle, and consider backup starting power and tire protection as part of a vehicle emergency kit.

Why is tire protection part of emergency preparedness?

Heat, UV exposure, and long-term outdoor storage can contribute to tire deterioration. Because vehicles may be critical during evacuations or emergencies, protecting tires can be part of practical preparedness.

Are natural disaster risks rising in Canada too?

Yes. Canada recorded $8.5 billion in insured losses in 2024, and flooding is projected to become Canada’s costliest disaster risk through 2034, showing these risks are North American, not just American.

How can Tool Troopers products help with disaster preparedness?

Products like JUMPFORCE PRO, TIRESHIELD PRO, FIRESHIELD PRO, and TITANPATCH PRO can support preparedness by helping with vehicle readiness, document protection, temporary repairs, and protection from environmental exposure.

 

 

Sources

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U.S. Forest Service. (2024). Wildland-urban interface and wildfire risk to homes. U.S. Department of Agriculture. https://www.fs.usda.gov

Milliman. (2025). Industry insured losses for Los Angeles wildfires. https://www.milliman.com/en/insight/industry-insured-losses-for-los-angeles-wildfires

Reuters. (2024, September 12). Canada’s wildfire season ranks among worst, though less severe than feared. https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/canadas-wildfire-season-ranks-among-worst-less-severe-than-feared-2024-09-12/

Nature. (2025). Population exposure to smoke from Canadian wildfires. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09482-1

National Hurricane Center. (n.d.). Storm surge overview. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/surge/

National Weather Service. (n.d.). Heat safety. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://www.weather.gov/safety/heat

Federal Emergency Management Agency. (n.d.). National risk index. https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2025). Severe storm and tropical cyclone disaster summaries. https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/billions/events